On a summer morning, marine biologist Ray Grizzle
reaches into the waters of the Bronx River estuary and pulls up an
oyster. The 2-year-old female is "good and healthy."
He grabs another handful and gets more good news. "This is a really dynamic area: Live oysters, reproducing!" the University of New Hampshire scientist says.
Grizzle
holds up a glistening mollusk. He is standing waist-deep in the murky
estuary littered with old tires, bottles, shopping carts and rank
debris. A gun was once found.
Marine scientists like him, planners and government officials say millions of mollusks planted in waters off New York and other cities could go a long way toward cleaning up America's polluted urban environment. The oyster and other shellfish can slurp up toxins and eliminate decades of dirt.
Landscape architect Kate Orff
has a name for the work she does at her Scape firm: Oyster-tecture.
Orff is designing a park and a living reef for the mouth of Brooklyn's
Gowanus Canal, where oysters could take hold and help filter one of the
nation's most polluted waterways.
"My new hero is the oyster, with its biological power," Orff says.
Oyster-tecture
is a 21st-century approach to creating new waterfront infrastructures
where long-gone shellfish can be brought back.
Construction has
begun on a new pier area that is to host Orff's reef. In her Manhattan
office, she holds up a tangle of fuzzy black ropes that will be attached
to the Brooklyn pier and filled with shellfish, which need to latch
onto something to survive — whether a rock, dead shell or synthetic
object.
The Oyster Restoration Research Project,
a New York-based nonprofit umbrella group, partners with the NY/NJ
Baykeeper ecology advocate working at the Bronx site, and the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers that built an oyster reef on Governors Island off
Manhattan.
While oysters are cultivated around the world, the United States
has some of the best regeneration programs, says Bill Goldsborough,
director of fisheries program at Chesapeake Bay Foundation in Annapolis,
Md. The bay is a center of natural oyster growth, and regeneration is
thriving just outside urban Annapolis and in Baltimore harbor.
Scientists also are trying to rejuvenate the oyster population in the Hudson River near Yonkers, north of New York, where explorer Henry Hudson spotted oysters in 1609.
"Having
oysters improves the whole aquatic habitat, attracting fish and other
marine life to the area," says Dennis Suszkowski, the science director
of the nonprofit Hudson River Foundation.
The story of the black bivalve in New York is key to the history of America's biggest city.
When
the Dutch arrived in Manhattan in the 1600s, the island was surrounded
by mammoth oyster beds that fed the Lenape Indians. They covered
hundreds of square miles underwater — so important as a major export
that today's Ellis and Liberty islands were called Little Oyster Island
and Great Oyster Island in colonial times.
Rich and poor New
Yorkers and visitors dined on them in a maritime metropolis filled with
vessels and street vendors hawking roasted oysters, long before hot
dogs. But they slowly died out by the turn of the 19th century,
overwhelmed by industrial waste, sewage, diseases and the dredging of
the harbor to make room for shipping and development.
Now, new
beds of oysters for New York's broken-down ecosystem are budding in more
than a half dozen locations in the area. If the water temperature,
currents, chemistry and other conditions are right, the bivalve can
break down the pollution and thrive. But while suitable for cleanup
work, they should not be eaten and poachers should not harvest polluted
oysters and sell them for profit.
Under Gov. Chris Christie, New Jersey banned oyster restoration in 2010 in waters classified as contaminated for shellfish, citing public health.
In
New York City, oyster restoration projects were started about seven
years ago, with the city Department of Parks initiating the one in the
Bronx — a 30-foot-long artificial reef made of rubble, old shells and
hundreds of mollusks.
"It's so shocking that we're out there in
the South Bronx and oysters are thriving — shocking to people who
wouldn't put their little toe in the water for fear of how polluted it
is," says Marit Larson, a water management expert at the department's
Natural Resources Group.
Larson says the aim of what she calls
"ecological engineering" is to create hundreds of acres of reefs in the
next decades, populated with mollusks that form naturally spawning
colonies. Funding for the projects comes from private and government
sources. A 1-acre bed with up to 1 million oysters costs at least
$50,000 to plant and manage.
Some new plantings in New York Harbor
failed because the oysters were swept away by currents and boat wakes.
So close attention must be paid to the beds that have succeeded.
"The
question is 'how can we use the natural processes of organisms that
were once here in abundance,'" she says. If oyster regeneration can be
sustained and expanded, "it's the ultimate success story for one of the
most urban and heavily used harbors in the world."
Grizzle says
the oyster is the perfect aquatic engineer for the job. It pumps water
to feed, retains any polluted particles and releases the rest —
purified. Each one filters about 50 gallons of water a day.
"There's
no human engineering substitute for these living things that clean the
water," he says as he wades hundreds of feet back to the South Bronx
shore.
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